On a warm July day in 2022, thousands of dignitaries, Indigenous leaders and residential school survivors travelled from across Canada to powwow grounds in central Alberta.
For some, the journey took days. For others, decades.
They had all come to hear Pope Francis apologize for the Catholic Church’s role in residential schools.
Francis died Monday at the Vatican. He was 88.
It was on the stage at Maskwacis, Alta., where Francis made history.
He said he was sorry and ashamed for abuses committed by some members of the Catholic Church, as well as for the cultural destruction and forced assimilation that culminated in the schools.
How the Pope’s visit to Canada unfolded in 11 minutes
“I’m sorry,” Francis said in Spanish.
“I humbly beg forgiveness for the evil committed by so many Christians against the Indigenous Peoples.”
There was applause. Some cheered. Others held their heads and wiped away tears. Some embraced the person next to them.
Survivors had asked for years for the Church to apologize. Demand grew after thousands of possible unmarked graves were discovered at the sites of numerous former residential schools.
An estimated 150,000 Indigenous children were forced to attend residential schools over a century, and the Catholic Church ran about 60 per cent of the institutions.
The final report from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, which investigated residential schools in Canada, described horrific details of physical, emotional and sexual abuse inflicted on Indigenous children.
Among its Calls to Action, the commission called on the Pope to apologize on Canadian soil.
The Pope’s apology came at the start of his six-day “penitential pilgrimage” in Canada.
At Maskwacis, an area home to four First Nations south of Edmonton, a 40-metre-long red banner weaved through the crowd with the names of 4,120 children who died in residential schools.
Then-prime minister Justin Trudeau attended with chiefs and survivors.
Chief Wilton Littlechild, a survivor and former commissioner with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, gave the Pope a traditional headdress often reserved for First Nations chiefs. The move drew a mixed reaction from the crowd and others who watched the moment on TV.
Francis repeated the apology several times on the rest of his trip, and his words were met with a mixed response.
Many Indigenous people said the apology was necessary, especially for survivors, because it meant the head of the Catholic Church was finally recognizing that harms were committed.
Some criticized the Pope for not going far enough. They were disappointed he didn’t name the crimes and abuses.
Others called for action, not words.
Phil Fontaine, a survivor and former national chief of the Assembly of First Nations, spent much of his life fighting for the Pope to deliver an apology in Canada.
“Without an apology, it would be impossible to forgive,” Fontaine said a year after the Pope’s visit.
“And without forgiveness, there can’t be any true healing.”
Fontaine had gone to the Vatican in 2009 to meet former pope Benedict and requested an apology. Benedict didn’t oblige.
Fontaine once again travelled to the Vatican with an Indigenous delegation in the spring of 2022. This time, Francis delivered a first apology and promised to bring his atonement to Canada.
Many said an apology in person in Canada was needed for healing and reconciliation.
The Canadian visit also included a holy mass at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. Francis blessed and kissed babies and young children handed to him as he was driven across the football field.
At a sacred pilgrimage site in Lac Ste. Anne, Alta., the Pope took part in a church service, wearing a red Metis sash around his neck.
In Quebec, he participated in various ceremonies and led another mass.
The final leg of his trip included a stop in Iqaluit, where he met with survivors. Traditional dancers, drummers and throat singers performed and explained how the practices were banned in residential schools.
In his speech, Francis said “Mamianaq,” the Inuktitut word for “sorry.”
On the Pope’s flight home, it was another word that became momentous. When asked by a reporter if the abuse at residential schools amounted to “genocide,” Francis agreed.
“To take away children, to change the culture, their mindset, their traditions — to change a race, an entire culture yes I [do] use the word genocide,” he said through a translator.
The admission was welcomed by many who had pushed for the Canadian government to formally recognize that genocide occurred at the schools.
Months later, the Vatican also followed through on formally denouncing the Doctrine of Discovery, another point of contention on the Pope’s tour.
The papal bulls or edicts were connected to the idea that lands being colonized were empty, when Indigenous people had long called them home.
Documents from the federal government showed it spent at least $55 million on the Pope’s visit, including $18 million for the RCMP. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, which organized the papal visit, said it spent another $18 million.
Some criticized the cost, saying the money could have gone to healing efforts for survivors.
A national 24-hour Indian Residential School Crisis Line is available at 1-866-925-4419 for emotional and crisis referral services for survivors and those affected.
Mental health counselling and crisis support are also available 24 hours a day, seven days a week through the Hope for Wellness hotline at 1-855-242-3310 or by online chat.
